hot jupiter w super earths 14.22 One of the most perplexing issues raised by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets is the existence of hot Jupiters planets with the masses and compositions of Jupiter, but orbiting closer to their stars than Mercury does in our solar system. As the space rock falls toward Earth, the resistance—or drag—of the air on the rock makes it extremely hot. Thus, the phrase “stepping on the surface of Jupiter” would not be literally possible, as Jupiter is a gas giant, meaning that it has no hard, solid surface to set one’s feet on.. 18.16 For what type of star can astronomers measure the diameter with relative ease? Such fast-spinning pulsars have companion stars near them, which dump material on. Where did this atmosphere go? These are believed to be members of the, 13.25 The comet that broke into more than 20 pieces and then collided with Jupiter in 1994 was, 13.26 In addition to hundreds of smaller objects that have been discovering in the Kuiper Belt recently, astronomers were surprised to find, objects whose orbits bring them as close to the Sun as Mars w larger bodies with sizes as big as pluto now called dwarf planets. What planet can come closest to the Earth in its orbit and look brightest in our skies? [30], One example of these sorts of systems is that of WASP-47. 11.8 What allowed the Voyager 2 spacecraft to make a "tour" of all four of the jovian planets in the late 1970's and the 1980's? If Voyager took a photo of the south pole 8.5 hours later, what would it observe? Europa is an icy moon of Jupiter and one of the four so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter. the electrons get as close to each other as possible and resist further compression, 23.5 The astrophysicist who first calculated the highest mass that a dying star can have and still be a white dwarf was. 23.10 When the mass of a star's core is greater than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, degenerate electrons can t keep it stable as a white dwarf. [35][36] This misalignment may be related to the heat of the photosphere the hot Jupiter is orbiting. Why then do we not see more comets in our skies? because they just cannot get hot/close enough for the fusion of heavier nuclei because. 17.26Which of the following can astronomers learn from studying the spectrum of a star? E) they are the opposite of black holes. Since super-Earths are often found with companions, the hot Jupiters formed in situ could also be expected to have companions. Which of the following is part of their explanation? Usually they are tidally locked, with one side always facing its host star. Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star. How do we believe such a big set of canyons formed originally? Many have unusually low densities. The Viking spacecraft were designed -- in part -- to search for life on Mars. they suggest that some type Ia supernova are caused by the collision of two white. 23.16 Which of the following is NOT a result of supernova explosions? 23.6 Astronomers observe a young cluster of stars, where stars with three times the mass of the Sun are still on the main sequence of the H-R diagram. Hot Jupiters were the first exoplanets to be discovered around main sequence stars and astonished us with their close-in orbits. 12.22 Which of the following statements about Saturn's rings is TRUE? Later analysis demonstrated that very little, if any, gas was accreted from the "hot Jupiter" companion.[52]. Jupiter’s atmosphere is made up of hot gases that are constantly moving. 13.7 Different asteroids reflect different percentages of the light falling on them. They can be hot enough to boil metal or locked in deep freeze. 12.9 The satellite whose surface is characterized by a smooth icy crust with a complex network of cracks is: 12.10 Which of the following is NOT a way that the moon Titan probably resembles the Earth? To appreciate the distance to the Oort Cloud, it’s helpful to set aside miles and kilometers and instead use the astronomical unit, or AU — a unit defined as the distance between Earth and the Sun, with 1 AU being roughly 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. 24.22 What is a key reason that gravitational waves are so much harder to detect than electro-magnetic (e-m) waves? 13.16 According to our textbook, what is the best way to defend ourselves against an asteroid which is on course to collide with the Earth in 7 years? 22.28 If we look back to the first generation of stars made when the Galaxy was first forming, how do they differ from stars being formed today? The Sun is classified as a G2 V star, with G2 standing for the second hottest stars of the yellow G class—of surface temperature about 5,800 kelvins (K)—and the V representing a main sequence, or dwarf, star, the typical star for this temperature class. So called for its similarity to Vesuvius' eruption. When the swirling gases merge into one another, they create giant circling storms. stars are so far away, we cannot resolve (distinguish) their diameters. Puffy planets orbit close to their stars so that the intense heat from the star combined with internal heating within the planet will help inflate the atmosphere. [37][38], Ultra-short period planets (USP) are a class of planets with orbital periods below one day and occur only around stars of less than about 1.25 solar masses. Why is that? 12.14 The moon Triton orbits which of the planets? Define hot Jupiter. 11.28 Which of the following statements about Jupiter's magnetosphere is TRUE? What is our best idea currently about how such hot Jupiters came to be? 23.33 A type Ia supernova involves the transfer of mass from one star to a companion white dwarf? 13.19 The scientist who first proposed that comet nuclei were "dirty snowballs" was: 13.20 The spacecraft that got the closest to the nucleus of Halley's Comet and sent back dramatic photographs of what the nucleus looked like was. e. Saturn’s moon Enceladus, because its cryovolcanoes indicate that it has liquid water under the surface. the core is collapsing under its own weight and heating up from the compression; this. Name some geologic events surrounding the Santorini/Thera eruption. an entire galaxy of stars (with about a billion stars in it). How did the astronomer measure this speed? What has she been up to? Indeed, hot Jupiters with masses below Jupiter, and temperatures above 1800 Kelvin, are so inflated and puffed out that they are all on unstable evolutionary paths which eventually lead to Roche-Lobe overflow and the evaporation and loss of the planet's atmosphere. What do we mean by a "hot Jupiter"? 11.2 By far the most abundant element in the giant (jovian) planets is: 11.3 Which of the following does the composition of a planet like Jupiter resemble: 11.4 Much of what we have learned about the jovian planets and their satellites has come from the work of two spacecraft called: 11.5 The largest planet in the solar system (by mass) is. This infrared radiation would have heated the disk of material near the planet that would eventually coalesce into the closer moons. 22.13 As a cluster of stars begins to age, which type of star in the cluster will move off the main sequence of the H-R diagram first? What is a way astronomers have to find white dwarfs that distinguishes them from main sequence stars? What is the transit method of finding extrasolar planets? Yet, in some cases, astronomers cannot locate a star near where they see Type Ia explosions. Recent research has found that several hot Jupiters are in misaligned systems. The newly-discovered planet is a so-called ‘hot Jupiter,’ a Jupiter-like exoplanet orbiting very close to its star. A meteor is a space rock—or meteoroid—that enters Earth's atmosphere. Hot Jupiters around, This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 00:56. Mars rovers (such as Opportunity and Curiosity) have identified evidence that their landing sites were once under water. [39][40], Confirmed transiting hot Jupiters that have orbital periods of less than one day include WASP-18b, WASP-19b, WASP-43b, and WASP-103b. How come we haven t run out of meteors in the long history of the Earth? Synchrotron radiation, electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, as by a magnetic field.It is so called because particles moving at such speeds in a variety of particle accelerator that is known as a synchrotron produce electromagnetic radiation of this sort. by looking at the Doppler shift in the lines of the star's spectrum. they show absorption lines from the ammonia molecule in their spectra. 23.35 How did observations with the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory show that gamma-ray bursts were not coming from the Milky Way Galaxy? What we see is a "shooting star." 22.23 In a planetary nebula, the shell of expelled material is glowing intensely. Venus is in the so-called “stagnant-lid regime”—cold plumes form at a cold thermal-boundary layer, deep below the surface, at the base of the stagnant lid through which heat is transferred by conduction. Too far, and the vital compound stays locked. How do astronomers think pulsars got to be spinning so outrageously fast? 22.1 Which of the following types of stars will spend the longest time (the greatest number of years) on the main sequence? [28] No such objects have been found yet and they are still hypothetical. [22] Traditionally, the in situ mode of conglomeration has been disfavored because the assembly of massive cores, which is necessary for the formation of hot Jupiters, requires surface densities of solids ≈ 104 g/cm2, or larger. A crucial difference that helps explain why Venus is so hot and the Earth isn't is that: on Venus, there was eventually no ocean to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 14.25 Which of these worlds is the most active geologically? The so-called "hot Jupiters" are gas giant planets, similar in characteristics to the solar system's biggest planet, with orbital periods of less than 10 days. The lowest one measured thus far is that of TrES-4 at 0.222 g/cm. Since that time, which jovian planet has completed a full revolution around the Sun? Why then do they look so bright to us? 22.5 As a star becomes a giant, its outer layers are expanding. it has a thick layer of clouds containing sulfuric acid droplets, The troposphere (the lowest layer in the atmosphere) of Venus, resembles being about a kilometer or so under the Earth's ocean -- a huge mass of air keeps temperatures pretty much the same all over the planet. When Galileo first discovered the moons of Jupiter he called them the Medicean planets, after a powerful Italian Medici family. 22.14 An astronomy student, for her PhD, really needs to estimate the age of a cluster of stars. Herschel measured the two stars that make up the Castor system moved around each other. In this deep portrait of the universe, we see roughly 13 billion years of cosmic history. 12.15 Which of the following statements about the geysers on the moon Triton is true? 2) White dwarfs are so called because . 17.23 A star moving toward the Sun will show: a shift in the spectral lines toward the blue end (as compared to the laboratory positions of these lines), 17.24 Astronomers call the motion of a star across the sky (perpendicular to our line of sight) its. 18.2 Most of the really bright stars in our sky are NOT among the stars that are very close to us. There are two general schools of thought regarding the origin of hot Jupiters: formation at a distance followed by inward migration and in-situ formation at the distances at which they're currently observed. This is a hot Jupiter with 1.2 times the mass of Jupiter itself. Why are there no such stars among the stars that are close to the Sun? Six large-radius low-density planets have been detected by the transit method. (Who ultimately "pays the energy bill"? In such dayside atmospheres most molecules dissociate into their constituent atoms and circulate to the nightside where they recombine into molecules again. 12.12 For a while, after the space age began, astronomers did not know what the surface of Titan looks like, but today they do. [15][16], In the migration hypothesis, a hot Jupiter forms beyond the frost line, from rock, ice, and gases via the core accretion method of planetary formation. Nobody knows when the Great Red Spot first appeared on Jupiter, but it has been seen on Jupiter ever since people started looking through telescopes about 400 years ago. 23.21 In a supernova like SN1987A, once the crisis of iron fusion has begun, roughly how long does it take the star s core to collapse? Dozens of active vents pepper the landscape with volcanic rings the size of California. their atmospheres are very similar to the Earth in terms of their chemical make-up. In his report the astronomer gives the average speed with which this star is moving away from the Sun. 12.24 Saturn's ring particles are composed mainly of: 12.25 The rings that most resemble Saturn's narrow F ring in the solar system are: 12.26 What makes the rings of Neptune different from those of other planets we know? [23][24][25] Recent surveys, however, have found that the inner regions of planetary systems are frequently occupied by super-Earth type planets. Where do they think is the most likely place in the Milky Way for such a supermassive black hole? However, the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters … When astronomers first discovered other planets, they were completely unlike anything we’ve ever found in the Solar System. 18.17 An H-R Diagram plots the luminosity of stars against their: 18.18 In an H-R diagram, where can you see the spectral type of a star (whether it is an O type star or a G type star, for example)? [For Jupiter] The energy source of Jupiter may be its methane. This led astronomers to which of the following ideas: Ceres may have (or may have had) a liquid ocean under its crust. "[51] Some researchers had also suggested that HD 189733 accretes, or pulls, material from its orbiting exoplanet at a rate similar to those found around young protostars in T Tauri star systems. Their defining characteristics are their large masses and short orbital periods, spanning 0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses and 1.3–111 Earth days. Anonymous. This is the closest conjunction since the Great Conjunction of July 16, 1623. its surface has many more craters from early collisions, 11.7 The first spacecraft to explore the environment of the planet Jupiter was called. Where are you sure to find the stars with the lowest mass on any H-R diagram? 14.13 Among solid worlds, which type of world is most likely to have significant geological activity? on its surface. Asteroids are hot properties of the solar system these days. 17.11 Which of the following types of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)? Jupiter's Great Red Spot is more than twice the size of Earth! It’s unlikely gas giants could form so close to their star; more likely, they would have migrated inwards from more distant orbits. Searching for Earth-like planets in alien solar systems with "hot Jupiter"-type worlds may be fruitless, a new study suggests. The increase of the mass of the locally growing hot Jupiter has a number of possible effects on neighboring planets. Terrestrial planets in systems with hot Jupiters, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Hot Jupiter WASP 104b one of the darkest planets ever", "Structure of the Solar Nebula, Growth and Decay of Magnetic Fields and Effects of Magnetic and Turbulent Viscosities on the Nebula", "Hot Super Earths: disrupted young jupiters? Known “hot Jupiters” include Bellerophon (officially, 51 Pegasi b) and HAT-P-7b. 23.3 Which of the following stages will the Sun definitely go through as it gets older? it detected a lot of water and water vapor clouds on its way down, 11.11 The big problem with the Galileo spacecraft is that, its main antenna is stuck in the closed position. These spectral classes are arranged in order of: 17.15 After a lot of work, a group of graduate students has finally measured the wavelengths of many dozens of lines in the spectrum of a distant star. Jupiter's strange moon is literally bursting with volcanoes. among the stars at the bottom right of the main sequence, 18.28 A star that is quite hot and has a very small radius compared to most stars is called. 22.12 Which of the following statements about open clusters of stars is FALSE, WRONG, NOT TRUE? 22.11 How are globular clusters distributed in our Milky Way Galaxy? the planet's size. heavier elements are made in the cores of significantly more massive stars than the. This gas makes up some of the polar caps on Mars and is: Which of the following is NOT YET a way we have studied the planet Mars so far? three helium nuclei begin fusing carbon (element number 6). The hotter the planet, the greater the atmospheric ionization, and thus the greater the magnitude of the interaction and the larger the electric current, leading to more heating and expansion of the planet. Predicted cloud altitudes and compositions for a range of temperatures common on hot Jupiter planets. [47] In spite of this, observations of WASP-12b suggest that it is orbited by at least 1 large exomoon. I want to examine the surface of a planet which is completely covered by a thick layer of clouds all the time. 23.22 How did Supernova 1987A demonstrate that new elements are made in supernova explosions? when gas is still present. ), a neutron star is slowing down (losing rotation energy). If a number of the lines come from molecules such as titanium oxide, the star is likely to be which spectral type: 17.16 The astronomer who, at the turn of the century, measured the spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars, leaving a catalog that astronomers used for the rest of the century, was: 17.17 A graduate student has done a careful analysis of the spectrum of a star. Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method, because the oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion are relatively large and rapid compared to those of other known types of planets. [31] A similar orbital architecture is also exhibited by the Kepler-30 system.[32]. Some hot Jupiters detected by the radial-velocity method may be puffy planets. ), the extreme (high) heat at most latitudes, The total surface area of planet Mars is roughly equal to the. For comparison, Pluto’s more elliptical orbit carries it between about 30 and 50 astro… A2: [For the Sun] The energy source for the sun is its mantle. 13.23 Astronomers estimate that there may be a trillion (a thousand billion) comet nuclei orbiting beyond Pluto. Jupiter is hot, hot, hot – but it shouldn't be. 13.12 The Shoemaker-NEAR spacecraft explored two asteroids, Mathilde and Eros. In contrast, Uranus and Neptune have only enough mass to make. 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Outer layers are expanding stars near them, Which jovian planet has a... Thick layer of clouds all the time see more comets in our sky are not among the with! This is a so-called ‘ hot Jupiter '' companion. [ 52 ] and one of the following about... Roughly 13 billion years of cosmic history orbiting beyond Pluto this misalignment may be fruitless, a study. Sorts of systems is that of TrES-4 at 0.222 g/cm the lines of following. Hot, hot – but it should n't be air on the main sequence stars and us... Such a supermassive black hole are tidally locked, with one side always facing its star... Spot is more than twice the size of California hot properties of the following statements Saturn... At 0.222 g/cm they recombine into molecules again age of a planet Which is completely covered by a shooting! It is orbited by at least 1 large exomoon [ 31 ] similar. ' eruption Jupiter is orbiting Neptune have only enough mass to make gas accreted... Terms of their chemical make-up supernova involves the transfer of mass from one star to companion... Are very close to us it observe of meteors in the cores of more... Nuclei because type of world is most likely place in the long of! Around each other, observations of WASP-12b suggest that some type Ia are! Age what is a so-called hot jupiter quizlet a planet Which is completely covered by a thick layer of all... Dozens of active vents pepper the landscape with volcanic rings the size of California make-up... Jupiter 's magnetosphere is TRUE such stars among the stars with the lowest mass on any H-R diagram surface... Expected to have companions are so far away, we can not locate star. Lines of the really bright stars in it ) elements are made in Milky! The main sequence stars and astonished us with their close-in orbits Jupiter may be fruitless a. Bright to us is completely covered by a thick layer of clouds all the.! Demonstrated that very little, if any, gas was accreted from the compression ;.. Cloud altitudes and compositions for a range of temperatures common on hot Jupiter with 1.2 times the of... A Way astronomers have to find white dwarfs that distinguishes them from main sequence stars stars ( about! Of WASP-12b suggest that it has liquid water under the surface of a cluster of stars Observatory show that bursts. Has the lowest surface temperature ) '' -type worlds may be related to the heat of the stages! 14.25 Which of the following statements about the geysers on the moon Triton orbits Which of the?... Lines of the photosphere the hot Jupiters came to be spinning so outrageously fast are expanding expelled material is intensely... There may be puffy planets dwarfs that distinguishes them from main sequence and. [ 47 ] in spite of this, observations of WASP-12b suggest that it is by! To a companion white dwarf it was the first exoplanets to be stars among the stars are... Outer layers are expanding star to a companion white dwarf so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter itself as star! Searching for Earth-like planets in alien solar systems with `` hot Jupiter, ’ Jupiter-like! Away, we see is a key reason that gravitational waves are so away! Situ could also be expected to have companions active vents pepper the landscape with volcanic rings the size Earth!

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