Alaska has about 3,197 officially named natural lakes, out of over 3,000,000 unnamed natural lakes, approximately 67 named artificial reservoirs, and 167 named dams. The Fort Peck Dam ranks 5th on our list of largest hydroelectric dams in USA. The History of Whitehorse. Weeden, Robert B. Dam. Update, 10:05 a.m. Sunday: Emergency officials say residents who voluntarily evacuated along Ketchikan Creek can return home as the threat of a potential failure of a nearby dam has subsided. Bennett Dam was built in 1968. [2][5], With aging, the dam also needed to be rehabilitated and work was carried out in 1967. [23] The initial report included some figures about the size of the project. In 1980, U.S. President Jimmy Carter created the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Sanctuary, which formally protected the area from development and disallowed any similar project. Charles F. Cobb P.E. "Waterfowl—A Resource in Danger", 37th annual convention of the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters. [92], The controversy surrounding the Rampart Dam project illustrated the growing shift in the environmental movement during the 1960s. [2][5], The lower power house also underwent major rehabilitation measures. [61] Both the 1962 study, and another report by University of Michigan researcher Michael Brewer in 1966, stated that tens of thousands of jobs would be created by the construction process alone, even if the cheap electricity generated by the dam failed to attract any additional industries to Alaska.[61][62]. [70], The California Fish and Game Commission was among the first non-Alaska conservation groups to oppose construction of the dam, saying in 1963 that it would inundate the Yukon Flats, an area of wetlands that is among North America's largest waterfowl breeding grounds. On the south bank, the land rises sharply to a ridge 1,500 feet (457 m) high. As the state’s largest hydro plant, it serves more than 500,000 Alaskans. ... Water. U.S. Department of the Interior. The full pool length would have been about 270 miles (435 km), and the maximum width would have been 80 miles (129 km). The Mangla Dam as one of the largest dam is located on the Jhelum River in the Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. "[80], The Canadian government also strongly opposed the Rampart Dam project. Related terms: breakwater, dike, jetty. The dam was planned with a top elevation of 343 feet (105 m) above sea level. A report by Joseph Morgan, chief of the Alaska Investigations Office for the United States Bureau of Reclamation declared, "The demand for electric power supply in the [Alaska] Territory is expanding so rapidly that new installations of hydroelectric power plants are needed. The water resources are generally pollution-free and quality is monitored and tested every month to check for drinking-water standards set by the EPA and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC). "[29], In March 1966 Spurr's team issued its final report, finding that the dam was not a cost-effective investment. In the summer, the long periods of daylight would have caused the land around the lake to become warmer than the lake itself, also creating the possibility of storms. [67] Alaska Native groups objected to the project's human cost—the need to relocate more than 1,500 people and 9 villages—and Native groups outside the reservoir area objected to the potential devastation of the Yukon River salmon population. Becharof Lake, the second* largest lake in Alaska, is located on the Alaskan Peninsula. Lars R. Jorgenson who had conceived this concept had proved that the most economic design of the dam was obtained with an optimum opening angle of 133.6°, with the least quantity of concrete. (Alaska State Troopers) Williston Lake in the Peace River Alaska Highway region of Northern British Columbia, is the largest lake in BC. The first power station, the upper powerhouse titled 'Powerhouse 2', was located 1 mile (1.6 km) below the dam and had an installation of two units of 1.5 MW capacity each operating under a hydraulic head of 600 feet (180 m). [12], The first serious consideration of a dam project was made in a 1954 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers assessment of the resources of the Yukon and Kuskokwim River basin. [12] The dam envisaged storage of about 18,000 acre feet (22,000,000 m3) at the full reservoir level while it is 445 acre feet (549,000 m3) when the water is 25 feet (7.6 m) deep. See also: Forests, Locales, Mines, Parks, Reserves, and Woods Man-made. Among Alaska’s valuable energy assets is the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project. Dam. Bradley Lake which was constructed and is owned, by the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA), went into commercial operation in 1991 and is operated by the Homer Electric Association. This design ensures substantial savings in use of construction material as opposed to the constant–radius arch design. Anthony Netboy, a salmon biologist employed by Yukon Power for America, claimed that one day, "a housewife in Phoenix or L.A. will fry her eggs at breakfast with electricity generated on the far-off Yukon. [52], Alaska senator Ernest Gruening remained a staunch backer of the project from its inception to its cancellation, and made it a major personal political priority. Though supported by many politicians and businesses in Alaska, the project was canceled after objections were raised. A beaver may work alone or with family members to build a dam, using piled logs and trees secured with mud, masses of plants, rocks, and sticks. An unnamed Gruening staffer once said the area to be flooded by the dam was worthless, containing "not more than ten flush toilets. [2][3], Between 1912 and 1914, two power stations were built to utilize the water stored in the reservoir created by the dam. Right: Salmon Creek Dam, full arch downstream view. Ottawa, Canada. Although the average tree used for construction of a dam is … Greuning stated that the project would be similar to Lake Powell, in that it would create a range of recreational activities, including water skiing and picnicking. Moreover, the proposed dam would have greatly reduced the catch of five species of Pacific salmon, especially the chinook (king), chum (dog) and coho (silver) salmon. [11], During the Roman period, the theory of building a curved dam (arch dam) was known as a means to withstand the water pressure and hold the masonry joints. [1] However, in the background of masonry arch dams which dominated dam building scenario in the 19th century and with introduction of concrete technology for building dams, the structural design of arch dams underwent a dramatic change in its economic evolution to minimize use of construction material and inter alia, the cost of construction. The full realization of the new design was made possible by building the dam entirely out of concrete. "[24] The report also pointed out the threat the dam would pose to the Yukon River's large salmon population, which swim upstream each year to spawn. The dam created the Tarbela Reservoir, which currently has a capacity of 14.3 cubic kilometers (11,600,000 acre-feet). [1][2][3][4], The dam was built by the Alaska-Gastineau Mining Company to meet the electrical energy needs for mining operations. "Conservation and Kilowatts". [79] Among the affected villages was Fort Yukon, which is the oldest English-speaking settlement in Alaska. [33], In June 1967, the Department of the Interior made its final recommendation and suggested that the dam not be built. The Salmon Creek Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Salmon Creek, 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Juneau, Alaska. [1][2], During the river's flow through eastern Alaska, and before it intersects the Tanana River, the Yukon flows through the Central Plateau region of Alaska. In the constant-radius arch design, which is also known as the single-radius arch, the shape of the dam is cylindrical with vertical upstream face while the downstream face is battered. [27] It was a typical process that had been done for other dam projects several times before, but the amount of land to be set aside generated several months of hearings before the decision. [42] Because the Yukon also is a transportation route, transshipment facilities were planned for below and above the dam site and would have been connected by road and rail links. [17], The project competed with the smaller-scale Susitna Hydroelectric Project proposed by the Federal Bureau of Reclamation for south-central Alaska, but thanks to Gruening's support and that of other backers, the Rampart project took precedence. [2] Construction facilities for the dam were established upstream where aggregates (fine and coarse) were produced by crushing rocks at the crushing plant. [43], The Rampart Dam's large size had a correspondingly large price tag. Construction of the Rampart Dam will give them ample gainful employment, and in their new locations, chosen by them on the lake's borders, they will have better homes, better community facilities and a permanent income from now nonexistent activities, generated by the lake. Search the whole world and it would be difficult to find an equivalent area with so little to be lost through flooding. The project was largely funded through bond proceeds. "The Rampart Dam proposal for Yukon River". [2], The rehabilitated dam and the new power house facility at the lower house site are now fully functional. 2. In the mid- to late 1990s, more farm fields near it became tiled and drained into it, doubling its size and displacing more than 300 homes and flooding more than 70,000 acres of farmland. The expansion of the dam will provide approximately 27 % more electricity for Sitka … After traveling the Yukon River, Brooks hypothesized that construction of the dam would be catastrophic from an ecological and human standpoint, would cost an exorbitant amount of money, and that the claims of attracting industry and tourism to Alaska were greatly exaggerated. [10] The basin is surrounded by hills with steep slopes and with elevation above 980 feet (300 m) above sea level. Top Alaska Dams: See reviews and photos of dams in Alaska, United States on Tripadvisor. Alaska has about 67 named artificial reservoirs, C[›] approximately 167 named dams, C[›] and about 3,197 officially named natural lakes, C[›] B[›] out of over 3,000,000 unnamed natural lakes. It would raise the height of the Yukon River from 215 feet (66 m) above sea level to approximately 656 feet (200 m). [30], In January 1965, the Department of the Interior completed its three-volume, 1,000-page study of the Rampart project's feasibility and impact. This system was commissioned by the City Borough of Juneau (CBJ) in 2015. [3] One of the deepest of these canyons is known as Rampart Gorge, or Rampart Canyon. [47], During the campaign that preceded the 1960 U.S. Presidential election, both candidates—Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy—made campaign stops in Alaska. In short, loss of habitat is synonymous with loss of the animal population supported by the inundated habitat. Conservationists can now point to the largest dam removal project in the U.S. as a success story. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) released its report on the project. Bank to bank, the crest length is 640 feet (200 m). [8] Geologically, igneous rock predominates, and quartz can be seen in places. The purpose of this report is to present an up-todate assessment of the hazardous glacier outburst floods in Alaska by mapping the present extent of glaciers, the lo cation of glacier dammed lakes and glacier-clad [94], This article is about the canceled Alaska dam project. [36], Due to the lack of any land transportation route to the dam site, the first stage of construction would have involved the building of a temporary road from Eureka, about 30 miles (48 km) away, to the dam site. [1][2] Theoretically, the ideal constant angle arch in a "V"-shaped valley for such an arch dam has a central angle of 133° of curvature. Visit our keyboard shortcuts docs for details Duration: 7 minutes, 25 seconds. Concrete was placed at the rate of 400 cubic yards (310 m3) per day. Staff Report. "Historical Development of Arch Dams. Secretary Udall cited the fish and wildlife losses that would result, the availability of less-costly alternatives, and the fact that no recreational benefits would accrue. The plan for the dam itself called for a concrete structure 530 feet (162 m) high with a top length of about 4,700 feet (1,430 m). On the south bank would have been a concrete gravity spillway with a crest at elevation 600 feet (183 m) and a maximum flow of 603,000 cubic feet per second (17,100 m3/s) at maximum pool elevation. In 1964, several groups of Native dam opponents in the Yukon Flats came together to form an organization called Gwitchya Gwitchin Ginkhye, which lobbied against the project. [21] In the years that followed, the Alaska Legislature voted several times to allocate state funding for the project. [5][6] Both are operated and maintained by the Alaska Electric Light & Power (AEL&P). Alaska Dam Safety Program Forms Fact Sheet on Dam Safety in Alaska (PDF) Alaska Administrative Code: Official Dam Safety Regulations Association of State Dam … [28] Dam proponents also suggested that the electricity might be transmitted to the rest of the United States, lowering utility prices in those states by increasing the amount of available power. Dam Safety and Construction Unit 550 West 7th Avenue, Suite 1020 Anchorage, AK 99501-3577 (907) 269-8636 E-mail: Charles Cobb, Dam Safety Engineer. Alaska Electric Light and Power operates and maintains the system. Spurr, Stephen H. "Rampart Dam: A costly gamble". [15] The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960 passed by the U.S. Congress in that year included a $2 million appropriation to conduct a full four-year feasibility study of the project, including its economic feasibility and the impact it would have on fish and wildlife. Since it was built, over 100 such dams have been constructed all over the world. Once known as the world's largest masonry dam—a title now bestowed upon the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in India—the Theodore Roosevelt Dam was originally constructed between 1905 … km) 1,480 mi. Their habitations are miserable and their livelihood a bare subsistence supplemented by relief. [50] Don Young, Alaska's representative to the U.S. House of Representatives, was elected to the Alaska Legislature in 1964 from Fort Yukon on a platform of opposition to Rampart Dam. "Alaska dam would be resources disaster". The gorge is located 31 miles (50 km) downstream of the village of Rampart, 36 miles (58 km) upstream of the village of Tanana, and immediately downstream from the mouth of Texas Creek. Deteriorated concrete was removed, the dam body was regrouted and the upstream face of the dam was provided with a layer of high strength concrete in the top 45 feet (14 m). List of largest dams; List of world's tallest dams; List of hydropower stations in Africa; List of lakes; This article includes a geography-related list of lists: Last edited on 23 July 2020, at 06:17. The project was planned for Rampart Canyon (also known as Rampart Gorge) just 31 miles (50 km) southwest of the village of Rampart, Alaska and about 105 miles (169 km) west-northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Ivan Bloch and Associates (Industrial Consultants). Dam Distance; 1. [9], Hydrologically, the portion of the river upstream of the proposed dam drains about 200,000 square miles (517,998 km2). [22] Salmon Creek Reservoir is now open for bait fishing all the year round. Top Dams in Alaska. Stahr, Edward V. and Udall, Stewart. The city of Sitka is struggling to pay off the Blue Lake Dam in a big way. Alaska Dam Safety Program. Adjoining habitats ordinarily are carrying all the wildlife that the local resources will support. Tarbela Dam, which is located in Pakistan, is the largest earth filled dam in the world. [7][8][9], The creek runs for a length of 3 miles (4.8 km) within the watershed, which has a creek divide of 1.5 miles (2.4 km) and a ridge line of 2.2 miles (3.5 km). [67] The third objection to construction of the dam stemmed from its high cost and the belief that cheap electricity would not be enough to attract industry to Alaska. Power House 2 was damaged in a fire in 1923. This occurs no later than early November and lasts until mid April. The organization believed the flooding of the Yukon Flats would cause critical damage to Alaska waterfowl and promoted the alternative Susitna Hydroelectric Project to supply Alaska's electric needs. The local people called it Tilhini meaning "dog salmon" a native name used by Tingit Alaskan Indian; this name is also shown in some early topographic maps. Though only a part of the larger Department of the Interior study, the FWS report came down strongly opposed to the dam on the grounds that it would irrevocably destroy the Yukon Flats, a critical waterfowl breeding ground. [3][12][13][14] Lars Jorgensen evolved the specific first design of the constant arch dam. For named natural … In this design, the central opening angle is constant whereas the arch radius increases from the base to the crest; this increase towards the crest is proportional to the increase of the canyon width of the gorge. Though one of the biggest dams in length, the Cochiti Dam is one of the shortest in height. Based on the plans prepared for the concrete arch dam and the two power stations, construction was started in May 1912. Alaska Dams: A list of all the Dams in Alaska with maps, driving directions and a local area search function. A Guide to Whitehorse. "[58], Supporters of the project suggested that the cheap electricity provided by the dam would be a strong enticement for electricity-intensive industries, such as aluminum smelting, to move to Alaska. [40], Materially, building the dam would have required 15,000,000 cubic yards (11,470,000 m3) of concrete aggregate, 2,900,000 cubic yards (2,220,000 m3) of rock fill, and another 1,700,000 cubic yards (1,300,000 m3) of various other types of fill. Today, … The dam… [13] Engineers considered Rampart Canyon to be a prime site for a hydroelectric dam. The audited report was accepted by the U.S. Senate, and no further funding was allocated to study the issue. "[50], In early September 1963, a group of Alaska businesspeople, local government leaders, and industry representatives met at McKinley Park Lodge to organize lobbying efforts in favor of the dam. The agreement stated the Corps would have responsibility for design and construction of the project, while the Interior Department would be responsible for running and maintaining the dam after completion. [79] The Tundra Times, an Alaska newspaper devoted to Native issues, also came out strongly in opposition to the project, saying that all but one village from the head of the proposed reservoir to the mouth of the Yukon River were against the dam. [55] Among the group's members was Ted Stevens,[55] who was appointed in 1968 as one of Alaska's representatives to the U.S. Built in 1914, it is the world's first constant-angle arch variable radius dam. The largest landslide, about 183 meters wide, took out four homes in the community of Haines. However, it was only in 1913 that the concept was transformed on ground by the pioneer mining engineer Thane. Within Lake Oahe is the Oahe Dam, which is one of the largest earth-rolled dams … During the millions of years of its flow, it has cut through ridges, forming canyons in some places near its juncture with the Tanana. Area = 665,384 sq. Stretching an incredible 290,000 acres, the lake measures 35 miles long and 15 miles wide and reaches depths of as much as 600 feet. Top Alaska Dams: See reviews and photos of dams in Alaska, United States on Tripadvisor. There would also have been a sharp decline in both large mammals - the moose, black and grizzly bear, and caribou - and smaller mammals: muskrats, mink, beavers, and river otters in aquatic habitats, and marten, wolverines, weasels, lynx, snowshoe hares, red fox and red squirrels in terrestrial or upland habitats. [6] An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter Scale struck the region in 1968,[7] and a 5.0 earthquake hit the area in 2003. Gregory Lake Dam: 5.8 mi. Their villages are flooded intermittently by the Yukon. It is managed by the Army Corps of Engineers. [5], At the proposed dam site, the river is 1,300 feet (396 m) wide and has an elevation of 183 feet (56 m) above sea level. Engineers suggested that some of the material could be found at the site, but the remainder would have to be brought from outside sources. The Mangla Dam as one of the largest dam is located on the Jhelum River in the Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Largest Beaver Dam Seen From Space The dam in northern Canada spans 2,800 feet and has likely been under beavers' construction since the mid-1970s. In his report, Morgan addresses the potential of the site: Reconnaissance topography indicates several potential dam sites in Lower Ramparts, but the best site probably will be found about 31 miles (50 km) downstream from the village of Rampart. [28], In June 1964 the Natural Resources Council asked Stephen H. Spurr, dean of the Graduate School of the University of Michigan and an authority on forestry and forest ecology, to form a group to evaluate the proposed Rampart Dam. This is a list of the tallest dams in the United States.The main list includes all U.S. dams over 300 feet (91 m) tall, and a second list gives the tallest dams in each state.Dimensions given are for foundation height, not hydraulic height or head.Structures such as levees, dikes and tailings dams are not included in the lists. Cooke, A. When built, adoption of the constant arch design for the dam reduced costs by 20% because less concrete was needed to construct the dam. The first pouring of concrete was scheduled for the project's eighth year, and work on the powerhouse would have begun in the 11th year. Salmon fish varieties are many. [12] This design was applied with some modifications for the Salmon Creek Dam, which was designed with constant opening angle of 113° with radius varying from 147.5 feet (45.0 m) at the base to 331 feet (101 m) at the crest. The needed money was included in a House appropriations bill, and studies continued. Yesterday, Alaskan governor Bill Walker announced that, as part of $1.5 billion in extensive budget cuts, the Susitna-Watana Dam project would be cancelled. These are the constant–radius arch and the constant-angle arch, the latter design is more complex. The resulting dam would have created a lake roughly the size of Lake Erie, making it the largest man-made reservoir in the world. [3], As early as 1948, U.S. Government officials eyed the Rampart site for its hydroelectric potential. 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