Sir Alexander Morison was one of the first psychiatrist. The Highland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadach nan Gàidheal, the expulsion of the Gael) were forced displacements of the population of the Scottish Highlands during the 18th and 19th centuries. B. Wandesford, Collection of McIntosh Gallery, The University of Western Ontario. Sometimes with the elderly still in them. Highland Clearances, the forced eviction of inhabitants of the Highlands and western islands of Scotland, beginning in the mid-to-late 18th century and continuing intermittently into the mid-19th century. He was ordained at Valladolid and was devoted to his Catholic kinsmen and clan. History, County of Sutherland, Accessed October 12, 2005 http://www.countysutherland.co.uk/66.html. After Culloden, the wearing of Highland dress including tartan and kilt was banned. Public Domain. In Bute, which Mr Lyon represents, there is Canada hill, a place so named because people would climb to the top of the hill to get a last glimpse of their emigrating relatives leaving Scotland -- their last glimpse for ever. Father Alexander Scotus MacDonell arrived at Glengarry, eastern Ontario, in 1786 “with his whole parish”. Russell was describing the heroic part played by the 93rd Highlanders in the Battle of Balaclava, probably better known as the occasion of the disastrous charge of the Light Brigade. Public Domain. John G. Diefenbaker quoted in “Diefenbaker’s North, from TIMESPAN quoted in and accessed at  http://www.electriccanadian.com/makers/diefenbaker.htm. He could easily rub a settlers name off the map for reasons including personal dislike or political views. A young woman's ordeal during the Highland Clearances in the 1800s is to be featured in a new short film. James Hunter, author of ‘The Making of the Crofting Community’, described the situation: Many chiefs were as at home in Edinburgh or Paris as they were in the Highlands, and French or English rolled off their tongue as easily as – perhaps more easily than – Gaelic. There were many other factors for people worldwide having Scottish Roots. John Diefenbaker (1895-1979), the 13th Prime Minister of Canada was Prime Minister in office (21 June 1957 – 22 April 1963). Strathnaver endured another clearance in 1819. Chief Peguis stayed to bury the dead, the rest escaped to the bush, fearing retribution. The land would then be given to someone else, with the government not being involved at all. 244 years ago, on 15 September 1773, the town of Pictou in Nova Scotia welcomed nearly 200 Scottish settlers on board the ship, Hector. 8, 1873, 90. St. Thomas and Talbotville, Ontario, are named for him. It is amazing what they went through and how this uncomfortable history has been glossed over. In my essay ∗ The Sorrow and the Shame (∗ the link is at end of this piece) I discuss some of the issues that caused and helped protract the infamous Highland Clearances by the systematic removal of peoples and their culture from their land no matter the cost to health or life, an attempt at ethnic cleansing in any dictionary, . The population grew so quickly that housing was a huge problem with many families sharing one room. The Outlander TV series is accurate and intriguing and I look forward to the third series and whether the Clearances are dealt with. Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) by John Pettie. Mairi Mhor Nan Oran  or Big Mary of the Songs (1821 – 1898), Gaelic poet who wrote of the Clearances. . Other books by the same author. When men came to clear Strathcarron in Ross-shire in 1854, women blocked the road. Crofter carrying a load of peat, Public Domain. They would have better farmland than the beautiful, stony fields of the Highlands where they were no longer wanted. However, many more came with the Highland Clearances. Publication of United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada http://www.uelac.org/. Public Domain. The highland clearances were a result of debt accumulated by scottish lords (Land owners),improvements in agriculture and the need to increase farm sizes and over crowding in communities. James Lesslie and Willion Lyon Mackenzie were business partners. …should the Czar of Russia take possession of (these lands) next term, we couldn’t expect worse treatment at his hands than we have experienced in the hands of your family for the last fifty years. In the late 1700s and early to mid 1800s Crofters and highlanders were systematically removed from their lands and their livelihoods to make way for sheep farming which was much more profitable at that time. In 1827, the remaining residents boarded the St Lawrence with a group of inhabitants from the Isle of Muck. An impressive account of the Clearances and persecution by the Anglos and their cronies.I visited Bad Bea near Helmsdale last year and Raitts model village at Newtonmore to experience the conditions of Highland life and disaster. . ( Log Out /  Young George Leslie saw all this. In 1778 Loyalists who had fought in the American Revolution against Washington and Highland soldiers and their families arrived in Upper Canada near Akwesasne in 1778  and 1779. Oil painting on panel; A Scottish Crofter, by an artist from the circle of Erskine Nicol. Macdonell was conservative and got along well with the oligarchy that ran Upper Canada, the Family Compact. Built by George and Robert Leslie in 1826. In 1821 the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company amalgamated, but Rogart men were not anxious to head for the farthest frontiers, preferring the relative safety and security of Nova Scotia and Ontario. Public Domain. Some believe that the factors and their men burned down up to 2,000 crofts a day. Tarlogie, Lord Anchorfield’s Estate, Tain, Scotland. Augustin Morin and Sir Allan MacNab formed a political coalition secularized the Clergy Reserves, ended seigneurial tenure and laid the foundations for the future Conservative Party. As a southern socialite he needed more and more money. . By 1841, it was 456,000. Public Domain. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Alwyn Edgar was born in Canada in 1928, living in Saskatchewan and then Manitoba, ... while writing his volumes on the Highland clearances, which are now being published. He was not known for getting along well with his Irish Catholic parishioners. However, while the economy was collapsing, the population was still rising. Charles William Jefferys, Library and Archives Canada, Public Domain. In 1812 he raised another regiment, the Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles to defend Upper Canada against the Americans. . His style of settlement was opposed by many, including government officials. Others from Rogart went to the Prairies to join a pioneering effort at what is now Winnipeg. It has since been restored and is now a City of Mississauga Museum. When Canada was borth with Confederation in 1867 our first Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, was born in Glasgow, the son of Hugh Macdonald and Helen Shaw, from Kildonan, Sutherlandshire. The Emigrants, 1844, by William Allsworth. Macdonell died in Dumfries, Scotland, of pneumonia. Public Domain. In 1811 John Robertson and his wife Janet McKay, came to upper Canada … My great-grandfather and grandmother became attached to the Selkirk settlement. John G. Diefenbaker speaking at the dedication of a monument in Kildonan, Photo from TIMESPAN. Subsidized Housing! Perkins Bull, From Macdonell to McGuigan, Toronto: The Perkins Bull Foundation, 1939). Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Henry Scadding, “Toronto of Old, The Canadian Journal, Toronto, Royal Canadian Institute, Vol. In an age of such uncertainty from Clearances, New Lanark is one of the success stories. Only the large country estates of the wealthy and the glens or valleys had trees in any significant amount. When the Island of Rum was cleared of all but one family in 1826, the year after the Leslies safely arrived in Streetsville, MacLean of Coll paid for his tenants to sail to Halifax in Canada on the “James”. He was an apprentice until 1822. Many only spoke Gaelic. Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North. When they were evicted in 1792 in the Highland Clearances, he led them to Glasgow where some found work in factories. This course of action was taken by the landlords due to collapse of the highland economy. The Highland Clearances in the 18th and 19th Century seemed to be the final blow in the destruction of the Clan system. Lord Selkirk recruited Highlanders from Rogart, Dornach, Kildonan and the area to join his proposed settlement in Canada. By 1836 only thirty years later the population had more than tripled to 374,000. The big sheep will overrun the country till they meet the northern sea . The Highland cattle that had been the mainstay of the crofters’ livelihood for centuries. In 1840, as many as 30,000 Gaelic speaking highlanders moved from farming their small tracts of land and tending a few animals to the English speaking city where they had no skills and were forced into factories. Only in 1923 was there a remarkable about-face, when, within a single week in April, 600 Hebrideans embarked on two Canadian Pacific liners at Lochboisdale and Stornoway, many of them taking advantage of the year-old Empire Settlement Act to secure subsidised passages to Canada. Right in your neighbourhood. George Crookshank’s house, Bathurst west side, between Dundas & College (Toronto Public Library) Artist Unknown. The families were evicted from the lands that for generations had been their homes. Note this was painted almost a century after the Battle of Seven Oaks and owes as much to Hollywood westerns as it does to history. James Loch, factor or estate manager, for the Sutherlands. . Bonnie Prince Charlie went over the “friendly Main” – the English Channel and did never come back again. 5000 went to Australia. . The ‘Highland Clearances’ are a scar on the Scottish psyche to this day. Sometimes years and even decades would go by between the initial settlement and the issue of any legal papers to the settler, stating that the land was indeed theirs. . in the end, old men shall return from new lands. These veterans of Waterloo and the Peninsular War had hoped they might be overlooked, but their houses were burnt around them, their stock sized and their belongings scattered. In the late 1700s and early to mid 1800s Crofters and highlanders were systematically removed from their lands and their livelihoods to make way for sheep farming which was much more profitable at that time. In 1826 Upper Canada became a diocese with Macdonell its bishop. The Highland Clearances remain a controversial period in Scotland’s history and are still talked of with great bitterness, particularly by those families who were dispossessed of their land and even, to a large extent, of their culture, over the period of … He hated poverty and died as a wealthy man. You robbed us of our country and gave it to the sheep. The Highland was hit by the same blight that caused the Irish Potato Famine. I live in Leslieville and am writing a novel on the subject. In Canada “Rep by pop” threatened to break up the Reform Party, founded by Scots, including George Brown born in Alloa, Clackmannan, Scotland, James Lesslie from Dundee  and George Leslie from Rogart. He never trusted the established elites as his father and forefathers had. In 1747 Britain passed the Heritable Jurisdictions Act decreeing that Scots who refused loyalty to the Crown would lose their lands by forfeit. George, young, ambitious, and reform-minded, was glad to leave. Thank you! In 1854 the Highland Clearances officially ended although landowners continued to force people off their land for decades. 1812: Sellar clears districts in Assynt. Therefore, since you have preferred sheep to men, let sheep defend you!”, Robert M. Gunn, The Tragic Highland Clearances, accessed June 14, 2016 at http://skyelander.orgfree.com/clear5.html. Life in the Highlands was in pieces as displaced people starved. “All that remains there today is the occasional ruin. 1811: Earl of Selkirk acquires land in North America – the Red River Colony, with plans to settle Highlanders there. Berrydale in Caithness was just one of the estates in Scotland owned by the Marquess of Stafford who later became the Duke of Sutherland. From Eliza Ann Ogilvy,  The Book of Highland Minstrelsy, 1860, Illustration by R. R. McIan. These brutal Highland clearances devastated the Gaelic culture, split up families and clans and removed entire communities from the lands that they had farmed for centuries leaving them no option but to emigrate for a better life as in Scotland they were left fairly destitute. As a result of the Clearances, this migration also has had an effect on Scottish surnames. Many were Roman Catholic. Macdonell was born Alexander McDonell in Glengarry, Scotland, in 1762. Kelp production and cattle farming was dwindling and the landlords decided that… Lord Anchorfield put George Leslie in charge of the Arabella gardens where he worked until 1824. Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Highland Drovers. Great work. He referred to red-headed and fiery William Lyon Mackenzie from Dundee as “that little tiger mayor”. He was despised only less than Patrick Sellar and Lord and Lady Stafford themselves. He was descended from the Bannerman family who were forced to leave their home in Strath of Kildonan just outside Helmsdale in Sutherland during the Highland Clearances in 1813. “We have no country to fight for! Public Domain. . The Highland Clearances. He was appointed their chaplain, the first Catholic British Army chaplain in centuries. The Brahan Seer ( 17th century Highland Prophet), The earliest known depiction of the Scottish kilt, Public Domain. The removals cleared the land of people primarily to allow for the introduction of sheep . Some of the places where George Leslie first worked gardening and planting trees when he came to York, Upper Canada, Osgoode Hall, build 1929, photograph, 1856 (City of Toronto Archives), Upper Canada College 1831-1891 (Toronto Public Library), The Parliament Buildings on Front Street where the CBC Building is today. The Clearances changed this way of life forever in the early and mid 1800s. I feel for the refugees of today as they are forced to flee their homes due to famine and strife. This almot severed the bonds between the clan chiefs and the crofters, but instead of blaming their lairds they blamed those who did the actual burning and pillaging of the crofts. Patrick Sellar was charged of murder, but found not guilty. The Highland clearances were a matter of great regret to the people of Scotland. Oh yes! They had a very bad time. (and) more than twenty females were carried off the field in blankets and litters, and the appearance they presented, with their heads cut and bruised, their limbs mangled and their clothes clotted with blood, was such as would horrify any savage. . Landlords paid the passage of others, including some who were given no choice, but thrown into hellship holds, bound hand and foot. The Brahan Seer ( 17th century Highland Prophet) In the 1780s Scotland was uneasy. The Colonel Talbot Settlement was the whole of the county of Elgin and part of Essex, Kent, Middlesex and Norfolk Counties. They may have moved north in the early seventeenth century when the Covenanters rebelled against Charles the First in the Battles of Dunbar and Hamilton or even earlier when the Scots were defeated at Flodden, 1615. In the 1780s the landlords began to evict their tenants to make way for sheep. James Lock, the factor responsible for the Sutherland Clearances, lost no opportunity to blame the lotters, as the crofters of Sutherland were called, who would rather make whiskey illegally that gather kelp on the rocky seashore where he removed them to. Hugh Miller quoted in Mathilde Blind, The Heather on Fire. He sat on the Legislative Council and supported the Family Compact against the Rebels in 1837. One tenant said. The landowners could make more profit from wool than from the rents of their tenants. So if it hadn’t been for the Highland Clearances, the first and thirteenth Prime Ministers of Canada might not have been.”, http://www.electriccanadian.com/makers/diefenbaker.htm, 1930, the women of St. Kilda waiting to leave their home forever, Enter a captionThe children of St. Kilda, 1930. Richard Dadd was one of his patients in the Bethlem Asylum. I have never experienced persecution such as described here yet 3 generations later as a Leslie displaced from the Dornoch area I still feel some of the anger of those displaced by the clearances. The Highland Clearances • One of the main forms of forced emigration was due to the Highland Clearances that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. And it was at this point that the 18th century chief’s two roles came into irreconcilable conflict with one another. He could have found work on the large estates of Scotland until he died, but he disliked the conservatism and the regimented hierarchical nature of Scottish society. The landing of this famous ship is popularly regarded as one of the earliest arrivals of Scottish settlers to Canada. The Highland Clearances have never been forgotten: in Scotland or by their many descendents in Nova Scotia, Ontario and other Canadian provinces. The Canadian Boat Song captures some of the sorrow of the Highlanders: Many came to Canada to escape the Clearances and were not always happy with what they found. ( Log Out /  In 1804, the Government granted 160,000 acres (650 km²) in what is now Glengarry County. Painting by Richard Dadd, 1852. The North West Company worked with First Nations and Metis people damage HBC’s operations and wipe out Lord Selkirk’s settlement in Manitoba, Kildonan. The men in this picture do not even have shoes. During this time, a documented number of 170,571 Highlanders were ejected from their traditional lands. The ruin of my great grandfather’s cottage is still to be seen and is not more than two or three feet high. Often their small crofts and out buildings were raised to the ground with fire. From Eliza Ann Ogilvy,  The Book of Highland Minstrelsy, 1860, Illustration by R. R. McIan. He hated the hierachy and conservatism of Scottish society and came to Peel County (now Mississauga and the Peel Region) in the mid-1820s with his family. Five years the British Government appointed Macdonell to the legislative council. The Highland Clearances are still an emotive subject. An Ejected Family by Erskine Nicol. Scots in Toronto never forgot the horror of the clearances and almost 50 years later still donated money to help those who were still being cleared. After six weeks he returned with no volunteers. One of the conditions such Justices of the Peace agreed to was to “clear” a set number of families annually. They were persuaded to move to Canada. We start here with a very brief ac… Charlottesburgh Township, Glengarry County, Ontario. People were cleared from the glens to make way for sheep which provided a much more profitable income for landlords. Those that did not emigrate were forced to live in cities or on poor unfarmable land by the rugged sealine. When the regiment was disbanded Father Macdonell appealed to the Crown to grant his clan land in Canada. Lord Anchorfield, Sir Alexander Morison (1779-1866). Displaced Highlanders went on hellships  to America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Photo courtesy of Harold and Valada Leslie. The Highland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadach nan Gàidheal, the expulsion of the Gael) was the forced displacement of a significant number of people in the Scottish Highlands during the 18th and 19th century, as a result of an agricultural revolution (also known as enclosure) carried out by hereditary aristocratic landowners, such as the Duke of Sutherland. Between 1770 and 1815, around 15,000 Highland Scots moved to Canada. clearances of Dornoch, Rogart, Loth, Clyne, and Golspie. On April 1, 1825 the Leslie sailed for Canada. Sutherlandshire was not the base of the Leslie Clan who came from Aberdeenshire in the Lowlands. The Metis feared that they would be crowded out and their lands taken. The highland clearances were a result of debt accumulated by scottish lords (Land owners),improvements in agriculture and the need to increase farm sizes and over crowding in communities. George Leveson-Gower, First Duke of Sutherland, by Thomas Phillips. • During this period thousands of crofters were forcibly evicted from their land by the landowners to make way for the more profitable intensive sheep-farming or deer hunting. Public Domain. Many Scots were unhappy with the Union of 1707, uniting England and Scotland. Strathglass is cleared. The Highland Clearances Before the were removed or 'cleared' from their land, people in the Highlands of Scotland lived and worked in places called crofts. Many Highlanders joined new Regiments raised to fight in America, Ireland and later in the Napoleonic Wars. With typical lack of tact or perception, the Duke of Sutherland, when asked to raise more Highlanders for the war in Russia, sent factor James Loch into Sutherland to get volunteers. 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