Venice in the Middle Ages. The traditional account of Roman history, which has come down to us through Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, is that in Rome's first centuries it was ruled by a succession of seven kings. [152] However, after a failed constitutional referendum, Italy entered a period of political instability culminating in a general election that resulted in a hung parliament and the subsequent formation of the first populist government in Western Europe. The insurrection reached its peak mainly in Basilicata and northern Apulia, headed by the brigands Carmine Crocco and Michele Caruso. Starting from the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed its own colonial Empire. It is one of the few bicontinental countries: it has part of its continental territory in southern Europe and some islands belonging to the African continent. He successfully bet on serving the more dynamic foreign markets from modern plants built with the help of Marshall Plan funds. It has been argued that this cultural rebirth was fuelled by massive rediscoveries of ancient texts that had been forgotten for centuries by Western civilization, hidden in monastic libraries or in the Islamic world, as well as the translations of Greek and Arabic texts into Latin. Italy joined the Marshall Plan (ERP) and NATO. The one major obstacle to Italian unity remained Rome. View Images A family on the Italian island of Sicily takes a passeggiata—an evening stroll. Crassus had acted as mediator between Caesar and Pompey, and, without him, the two generals began to fight for power. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a technical government headed by Prime Minister Lamberto Dini, which left office in early 1996. From 1992 to 1997, Italy faced significant challenges as voters disenchanted with political paralysis, massive government debt, extensive corruption, and organized crime's considerable influence collectively called the political system Tangentopoli. That choice caused his downfall. According to tradition Venice was founded in 421 AD. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German forces in Italy surrendered. The long Siege of Florence (1529–1530) brought the destruction of its suburbs, the ruin of its export business and the confiscation of its citizens' wealth. The Alliance successfully fought and defeated the Franco-Spanish "Party of the Two Crowns", and the subsequent Treaty of Utrecht and Rastatt pass control of much of Italy (Milan, Naples and Sardinia) from Spain to Austria, while Sicily was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy. In America on the other hand, a carpenter who worked a 56-hour week would earn $18. [46], Despite its military strength, the Empire made few efforts to expand its already vast extent; the most notable being the conquest of Britain, begun by emperor Claudius (47), and emperor Trajan's conquest of Dacia (101–102, 105–106). Although the Italian Army was far better armed than the Fascist militias, the liberal system and King Victor Emmanuel III were facing a deeper political crisis. It also has a legislative power, under the responsibility of the Council of Ministers and the Parliament. The Carbonari condemned Napoleon III to death for failing to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858. [128] In summer 1940, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Mandatory Palestine and the conquest of British Somaliland. The Kingdom of Sicily would last under various dynasties until the 19th century. The one open sore was Spain (Hispania). The Italian Renaissance began in Tuscany, centered in the city of Florence. After the Congress of Vienna divided the Italian peninsula among the European powers, the Carbonari movement spread into the Papal States, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. By the late 18th century, the peninsula was little more than a tired, backward playground for the big powers. While in prison, he concluded that Italy could – and therefore should – be unified and formulated his program for establishing a free, independent, and republican nation with Rome as its capital. The Fascist regime held negative relations with Yugoslavia, as it continued to claim Dalmatia. Local governments were dissolved, and appointed officials (called "Podestà") replaced elected mayors and councils. On that occasion, Italy gained south Slovenia, Dalmatia, Montenegro and established the puppet states of Croatia and Hellenic State. The blurb for the book notes that it is aimed at 'both students of Italian history and culture, and . 14–18). Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France.[79]. The Spaniard… It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945 some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy. There is the executive branch, headed by the head of government and the council of ministers. Reversing the decision seemed impossible, for the Triple Alliance did not want Italy back, and the king's throne was at risk. Italy history Italy is situated in the heart of Southern Europe and is recognizable by its famous boot shape protruding into the Mediterranean. [138] On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein, Rommel wrote: "The German soldier has impressed the world; the Italian Bersagliere has impressed the German soldier."[139]. Rao, Anna Maria. As no dominant powers emerged as they did in other parts of Europe, the oligarchic city-state became the prevalent form of government. [38] Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; without the dictator's leadership, the city was ruled by his friend and colleague, Mark Antony. Known as the Years of Lead, this period was characterized by widespread social conflicts and terrorist acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. Facing a new Lombard offensive, the Papacy appealed to the Franks for aid.[52]. At the battle of Pavia in 1525, the French were decisively defeated. Discontent was high in rural areas since so many men were taken for service, industrial jobs were unavailable, wages grew slowly and inflation was just as bad.[111]. [73] In addition, Spain's involvement in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), financed in part by taxes on its Italian possessions, heavily drained Italian commerce and agriculture; so, as Spain declined, it dragged its Italian domains down with it, spreading conflicts and revolts (such as the Neapolitan 1647 tax-related "Revolt of Masaniello"). While helping Italy develop strategically, he continued trasformismo and was authoritarian, once suggesting the use of martial law to ban opposition parties. Partly because of this, the Papacy had relocated to Avignon in France. "[119], Lee identifies three major themes in Mussolini's foreign-policy. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line, leading to the surrender of German and Fascist forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. Each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the two warring parties, Guelfs and Ghibellines. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. The Fascists rejected Giolitti's offers and joined with socialists in bringing down his government.[114]. Approximatively four waves of population from north to the Alps have been identified. Old houses of the Alberobello region in Bari, Italy have “trulli” or conical roofs with grey stones and … Italy and its smaller states also went through stages of foreign domination. The arrival of the first hominins was 850,000 years ago at Monte Poggiolo. The Romans then took up arms and drove the Gauls back, led by Camillus. Finally, the Aldine Press, founded by the printer Aldo Manuzio, active in Venice, developed Italic type and the small, relatively portable and inexpensive printed book that could be carried in one's pocket, as well as being the first to publish editions of books in ancient Greek. It was shocking the result of the anti-establishment Five Star Movement, founded by the former comedian Beppe Grillo, which gain 25.5% of votes, becoming the first party in the country. The French Revolution at the end of the 18th century and the rise of Napoleon awakened hopes in Italy of an independent nation. Their works include Florence Cathedral, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. Some 650,000 Italian soldiers died and 950,000 were wounded, while the economy required large-scale Allied funding to survive. However, the southern regions of the young nation remained rural and poor, originating the Italian diaspora. A SHORT HISTORY OF ITALY. Caesar reconciled the two more powerful men in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, his sponsor, and Crassus' rival, Pompey. Both radical and conservative forces in the Italian parliament demanded that the government investigate how to improve agriculture in Italy. Also, despite Rommel's advances, the campaign in North Africa began to fail in late 1942. On Napoleon's escape and return to France (the Hundred Days), he regained Murat's support, but Murat proved unable to convince the Italians to fight for Napoleon with his Proclamation of Rimini and was beaten and killed. [41], In 27 BCE, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. The Etruscan religion was an immanent polytheism, in which all visible phenomena were considered to be a manifestation of divine power, and deities continually acted in the world of men and could, by human action or inaction, be dissuaded against or persuaded in favor of human affairs. Following Antony's Donations of Alexandria, which gave to Cleopatra the title of "Queen of Kings", and to their children the regal titles to the newly conquered Eastern territories, the war between Octavian and Mark Antony broke out. Letta formed a grand coalition government, supported also by The People of Freedom of Silvio Berlusconi and Civic Choice of Mario Monti. The Monster of Florence Douglas Preston. Florence was founded as a Roman military colony about the 1st century bce, and during its long history it has been a republic, a seat of the duchy of Tuscany, and a capital (1865–70) of Italy. Officially, the government was republican, but Augustus assumed absolute powers. In 1916, Italy declared war on Germany, which provided significant aid to the Austrians. Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Pact of London, so this outcome was denounced as a "Mutilated victory". Its strengths are its metallurgical and engineering industries, and its weaknesses are a lack of raw materials and energy sources. Strong urban growth led to uncontrolled urban sprawl. From 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, Italy became a democratic republic. The culinary history of Italy established a reputation more than 2,000 years ago, which includes an illustrious movement during the Roman Empire. [nb 1]. During the Spanish Civil War between the socialist Republicans and Nationalists led by Francisco Franco, Italy sent arms and over 60,000 troops to aid the Nationalist faction. Art in Italy was properly strengthened and refined during Roman times. Carpanetto, Dino, and Giuseppe Ricuperati. Francesco Crispi (1818–1901) was Prime Minister for a total of six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. ), the search for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland, Greeks began to settle in Southern Italy (Cerchiai, pp. In practice, trasformismo was authoritarian and corrupt, Depretis pressured districts to vote for his candidates if they wished to gain favourable concessions from Depretis when in power. Vittorio Valletta, Fiat's general manager, helped by trade barriers that blocked French and German cars, focused on technological innovations as well as an aggressive export strategy. The History of Padua. The Papacy regained its authority, and undertook a long struggle against the Holy Roman Empire. He selected the Fascists. People condemned the South for being "backwards" and barbaric, when in truth, compared to Northern Italy, "where there was backwardness, the lag, never excessive, was always more or less compensated by other elements". Roman history timeline People have inhabited Italy for a long time, because of its fertility, but the time when Ancient Rome was powerful did not begin until after the immense power of Greece and Egypt. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was triggered by the death without issue of the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, who fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second grandson of King Louis XIV of France. These included the increase of Papal power in the peninsula and the influence of Roman Catholic Church at the peak of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic reaction against the Protestant Reformation. The elections in 2006 returned Prodi in government, leading an all-encompassing centre-left coalition of 11 parties (The Union). In 756 Frankish forces defeated the Lombards and gave the Papacy legal authority over much of central Italy, thus establishing the Papal States. This is a fascinating overview of the political, economic, geographic, social, and cultural history of Italy from the Ice Age to the present. If it became obvious that a state was entirely dependent on mercenaries, the temptation was great for the mercenaries to take over the running of it themselves—this occurred on a number of occasions.[70]. After being condemned by the League of Nations, Italy decided to leave the League on 11 December 1937 and Mussolini denounced the League as a mere "tottering temple". The Orlando government had started the process of reconciliation during the World War, and the pope furthered it by cutting ties with the Christian Democrats in 1922. 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